빅터 차(Victor Cha) 조지타운대 교수는 북한이 풍계리에서 7차 핵실험을 할 모든 준비를 마쳤고, 정치적 결단만을 남겨둔 상태라고 설명하고 핵실험 감행시 유엔 차원의 제재는 어렵더라도 한미일 수준에서 제재 강화 및 지역 내 미국 군사력의 추가 투사가 이뤄질 것이라고 전망합니다. 또한 이번 우크라이나 전쟁을 계기로 북한이 자국 안보 차원에서 핵을 포기하기는 더욱 어렵게 되었고, 최근 북한이 핵 선제 사용(First Use) 교리를 내세우는 것도 한미동맹에 대한 억지력을 강화하려는 계산에서 비롯되었다고 분석합니다. 그러나 전쟁 중 자포리자 원전에 대한 러시아의 포격에서 드러난 것처럼 전쟁 발발시 핵시설 방호는 도리어 심각한 국가 위기를 초래할 수 있다는 가능성에 대해서도 북한이 인지해야 할 것이라고 빅터차 교수는 경고합니다. 아울러, 북핵전략 변화에 대한 대응으로 한국이 스스로 핵무장을 하는 것은 여전히 좋은 대안이 아니라고 지적하며, 동맹국 방어에 대한 미국의 정치적 의지를 강화하는 방식의 재보장 조치를 통해 확장억지를 강화하는 것이 여전히 유효하다고 제언합니다.

I. Timing of the 7th Nuclear Test of Pyongyang and Directions of ROK-U.S. Response

• Numerous reports have confirmed that only a “political decision” is left before Pyongyang goes ahead with the 7th nuclear weapons test. Dr. Cha highlights that “our satellite imagery shows that North Korea completed all the work they need to do with tunnel three.”

• In case North Korea decides to conduct nuclear testing, the United States will highly likely respond with more sanctions. He anticipates that “sanctions may not be UN sanctions, but additional sanctioning by countries like Japan, perhaps South Korea, and the United States will take place.”

• Regarding sanctions lifting, he predicts that “there would be assistance to North Korea if they simply made the commitment to coming back to talks”, which is just the same process that the United States has gone through previously.

II. Possibility of Pyongyang’s Using Nuclear Weapons in the Event of Crisis

• As Ukraine gave up nuclear arms and got betrayed, Dr. Cha mentions that “North Korea might have some lessons from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine” that it seems North Korea will not abandon the nuclear weapons.

• Since Russia has reportedly resumed shelling near the nuclear power plant in Ukraine, Dr. Cha stresses “how North Korea thinks about their position of nuclear weapons will evolve right now. They see it entirely as a good thing in terms of their self-defense ... but there are real liabilities to having a nuclear complex that is vulnerable to strike as theirs is” as the vulnerability of nuclear plants to intentional or inadvertent attacks is of concern in the area of nuclear safety and security. Though nuclear facilities are required to produce nuclear weapons, North Korea will conceive these might be the real liabilities during the warfare.

Ⅲ. U.S Extended Deterrence and ROK-U.S. Alliance

• North Korea’s current missile testing campaign and development of the weapons seem unstoppable. Dr. Cha claims that “this raises questions in South Korea about the credibility of the United States extended deterrence.”

• In terms of the possibility of North Korea’s denuclearization in the near future, he asserts that “denuclearization is not anything that will happen in the near term.”

• Dr. Cha indicates that extended deterrence really needs to be done on the military capabilities, and political reassurance side. He states that “political signaling and reassurance is more important” and affirms that “though it is a classic security dilemma for South Korea, I don’t think South Korea acquiring their own nuclear weapons is the answer right now.”

V. Biography

■ Victor Cha_ Victor Cha is a professor of government and holds the D.S. Song-KF Chair in the Department of Government and the School of Foreign Service (SFS) at Georgetown University. In July 2019, he was appointed vice dean for faculty and graduate affairs in SFS. He left the White House in 2007 after serving since 2004 as director for Asian affairs at the National Security Council (NSC). At the White House, he was responsible primarily for Japan, the Korean peninsula, Australia/New Zealand, and Pacific Island nation affairs. Dr. Cha was also the deputy head of delegation for the United States at the Six-Party Talks in Beijing and received two outstanding service commendations during his tenure at the NSC. He is the author of five books, including the award-winning Alignment Despite Antagonism: The United States-Korea-Japan Security Triangle (Stanford University Press, 1999) (winner of the 2000 Ohira Book Prize) and The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future (Harper Collins Ecco, 2012), which was selected by Foreign Affairs as a “Best Book on the Asia-Pacific for 2012.” His newest book is Powerplay: Origins of the American Alliance System in Asia (Princeton University Press, 2016). He is also writing a new book on Korean unification. He has published articles on international relations and East Asia in journals, including Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, International Security, Political Science Quarterly, Survival, International Studies Quarterly, International Journal of the History of Sport, and Asian Survey.

■ Typeset by Junghoo Park, Research Associate
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